CHAPTER 20
			AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, 1900-1920
			IWW poster Emma Goldman
			STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS 20.b.1 The Gospel of Wealth click here 20.d.5 How the Other Half Lives click here 20.f.2 Black v. White Elementary & Secondary Schooling 20.f.3 African-American Educational Gains 20.g.1 Samuel Gompers 20.g.2 "Big" Bill D. Haywood 20.g.3 Comparing the IWW with the AFL 20.g.4 Ludlow Massacre WWW Links related to Chapter 20
	[f.2]		BLACK v. WHITE ELEMENTARY & SECONDARY SCHOOLING
			One statistic says it all: White schools in the South (where most African-Americans still lived before World War I) received an average of $22.50 per child per month for education. The Black schools received $2.00 per month per child. The Supreme Court's theory of "Separate but Equal" was a racist sham.
	[f.3]		AFRICAN-AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL GAINS
			Cut off from advancement socially, politically, and economically, education offered promise for the future. All-Black schools like Howard University (Washington D.C.) and Fiske University (Nashville, TN) received large sums of money from northern philanthropists. At Fiske, a student singing group raised money by touring the US and Europe. The training received in higher education at Black colleges in the South and integrated schools in the North prepared leaders like Martin Luther King for greatness during the 1960's.
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	[g.1]		SAMUEL GOMPERS (1850-1924)
	founder of the A.F.L.		Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Gompers was not a Marxist like Haywood, but his reading of Marx led him to believe that labor's only chance against capital was to organize unions. Gompers and associates insisted that skilled labor form the core of the AFL. At the time, skilled labor played a significant role in the production process. As time passed, however, unskilled labor increased in importance, and the AFL responded by recruiting more of them in its ranks
	Gomper's philosophy		Gompers' philosphy was simple: Don't fight management; bargain with them for the best terms possible within the capitalist system. Gompers and the AFL sought political protection for unions rather than social change through legislative action.
			Source: Eric Foner, et al. The Reader's Companion to American History (1991).
	[g.2]		WILLIAM D. HAYWOOD (1869-1928)
	Leader of the I.W.W.		Haywood stood over 6 feet tall and well over 200 lbs. He had a glass eye thanks to a boyhood accident. Haywood led the IWW during its heyday of power. In Silver City, Idaho, he headed the Western Federation of Miners and earned a repution for being a brilliant crisis manager. At first, Haywood believed in peaceful resolutions with management. As time passed he became more militant. His speeches drew as many as 60,000 listeners, and he conversed with other revolutionaries around the world, including Lenin (the Russian leader). Haywood led the successful textile strike at Lawrence Mass. (1912), as well as the unsuccessful ones the IWW organized.
	Sentenced to prison during WWI		Under the Sedition Act (1917) during World War I, Haywood was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The charge: He advocated sabotage of industrial machinery. He jumped bail and fled to the USSR, where he died in 1928. Half his ashed were buried inside the walls of the Kremlin and half were shipped to Chicago
	His legacy		Charges that the IWW advocated industrial sabatoge need clarification. The term "sabotage", also refers to "the conscious withdrawal of efficiency" (i.e., slowdowns, work-to-rule misdirection of deliveries, spoiling product, etc.), not necessarily the destruction of machinery. The I.W.W. want to take over the machinery of production and use it for the benefit of mankind--not to destroy it. Of course, individual Wobblies sometimes engaged in destruction, as individual workers in other unions and out of them have always done; but it was never approved by the union, but rather was condemned.
			Haywood stands as one of the most flamboyant, hard-thinking, and courageous opponents of the capitalist system. His terms in prison demonstrate the savage treatment the US governmet could dish out to those it branded as dangerous.
			Source: Mari Jo Buhle, et al. Encyclopedia of the American Left (1992).
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	[g.3]		COMPARING THE AFL WITH THE IWW
			FOUNDED CONSTITUENTS PREFERRED METHODS MEMBERSHIP IWW   1905, Chicago, Illinois by Bill Haywood, EG Flynn, E. Debs, Mother Jones, and others unskilled labor, women, minorities mass strike; influenced by theories of class struggle 3 million joined over the years, but numbers never exceded 150,000 at any one time. AFL 1886 by Samuel Gompers skilled workers bargaing and contracts 50% of skilled labor force by 1900.
	[g.4]		LUDLOW MASSACRE
	What happened?		In June 1998, I visited the site of the Ludlow Massacre, which took place in southeastern Colorado on 20 April 1914. Coal miners and their families protested the low wages, horrible working conditions, payment in company scrip, the forced education of their children in company schools. A monument marks the spot where the Colorado National Guard, infiltrated by company gunmen, opened fire on the workers and their families with machine guns and rifles. The miners fought back from rifle pits but quickly ran out of ammunition. Two women and 11 children were among those slain among the pathetic tents of the immigrant workers.
	Ludlow's impact on the nation		The wanton shootings crushed the strike in the Colorado coal fields, but public opinion was aroused. The United Mine Workers union successfully turned public opinion against the Rockefeller family, who owned the coal mines. The incident also marked a shift in attitudes as more and more owners moved toward a more liberal and humane position with regards to wage earners.
	personal rumination		I occaisionally wonder who has advanced the cause of democracy more in America: soldiers who have died in battle or American workers and their families who died in efforts to bring attention to despotic practices in our own nation?
	current event		Recently, located in the town of Ludlow. Read about it by clicking "heads missing."
			WWW LINKS RELATED TO CHAPTER 20
			The Emma Goldman Papers "Patriotism", by Emma Goldman (Don't expect Bruce Springsteen's "They're Coming to America") Bill Haywood Trial, 1907 History of Standard Oil Industrial Workers of the World (historical) Industrial Workers of the World Home Page (the Real Thing) Ludlow Massacre Margaret Sanger Papers Margaret Sanger, 1879-1966 (Contains letters women wrote to Sanger). National Planned Parenthood Federation (Note the references to Margaret Sanger). Links for the History of US Labor Labor Quotes Model T Ford Club

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